Frontier 2028 Portfolio

How it works. Plants draw down CO2 via photosynthesis; Vaulted converts the resulting carbon-rich organic waste (biosolids, manure, food waste) into a slurry and injects it into deep geologic wells for permanent storage.

Measurement & verification. Removal is calculated as biomass carbon weight minus process emissions (transport and energy). Verification partners enforce a feedstock-sourcing protocol reviewed against Frontier's sourcing principles.

How it works. Hafslund Celsio retrofits its Oslo waste-to-energy incineration facility (which processes ~350,000 tons of waste a year) with a carbon-capture unit, capturing the CO2 from combustion.

Measurement & verification. The contract price accounts for measuring, reporting and verifying that each captured ton is safely and permanently stored.

How it works. NuLife uses hydrothermal liquefaction to convert biowaste (oat hulls, grease-trap waste, canola sludge, biosolids) into a stable bio-oil, which is injected underground for storage.

Measurement & verification. Deliveries are independently verified by Isometric; pricing includes measuring, reporting and verifying that each ton is safely and permanently stored.

How it works. CarbonRun adds crushed limestone to rivers to raise pH; the limestone combines with CO2 to produce bicarbonate, a stable form of carbon that flows to the open ocean for permanent storage.

Measurement & verification. Direct measurement: water chemistry is sampled upstream and downstream of a treatment point, quantifying CO2 removal without complex models. Co-benefit: restores salmon and shellfish in acidified rivers.

How it works. CREW adds crushed limestone to wastewater-treatment tanks, where it reacts with the biogenic CO2 produced during treatment (up to 10,000+ ppm) to form bicarbonate carried to the ocean.

Measurement & verification. Mineral dissolution is measured in-situ before treated water is discharged, tracking CO2 capture at the plant inlet and outlet within plant boundaries.

How it works. Planetary adds dissolved alkaline minerals to coastal waters (using existing outfalls), boosting the ocean's ability to convert dissolved CO2 into stable bicarbonate ions.

Measurement & verification. Minerals are dissolved before release to remove dissolution-timing uncertainty; sensors plus validated models measure the alkalinity effect, with FAIR data sharing and a safety 'stop trigger'. Co-benefit: improves conditions for shellfish.

How it works. Lithos spreads ultrafine waste basalt on farmland; the basalt reacts with rainwater and locks up atmospheric CO2 as bicarbonate, which flows to the ocean for permanent storage.

Measurement & verification. A proprietary method measures rock dissolution over time in soil samples using mass spectrometry, enabling frequent, lower-cost sampling than hardware-intensive alternatives.

How it works. Terradot spreads waste basalt on agricultural soils to accelerate rock weathering; the basalt reacts with rainwater, converting CO2 into bicarbonate stored permanently in the ocean.

Measurement & verification. Dual verification: before/after soil sampling to quantify captured CO2, plus watershed water-chemistry monitoring at farm outlets to track basalt dissolution at scale.

How it works. Phlair's direct air capture contacts air with a high-pH liquid to capture CO2, then mixes it with a low-pH liquid to release concentrated CO2 gas, cycling continuously via hydrogen-looping electrolysis.

Measurement & verification. The contract price accounts for measuring, reporting and verifying that each ton is safely and permanently stored; the system targets under 1.5 MWh of energy per ton removed.